{"id":1908,"date":"2013-04-18T13:32:50","date_gmt":"2013-04-18T04:32:50","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/micronix-jp.com\/?p=1908"},"modified":"2023-03-20T17:08:33","modified_gmt":"2023-03-20T08:08:33","slug":"msa500technicalreport1e","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/micronix-jp.com\/english\/tech\/technology\/msa500technicalreport1e.html","title":{"rendered":"Basic knowledge of real time system"},"content":{"rendered":"<section>\n<h2>What's real time system?<\/h2>\n<p>MSA500 series signal analyzer offers both the real time system based on Fast Fourier Transform(FFT) and the conventional sweep system.<\/p>\n<h3>Sweep system<\/h3>\n<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/eng\/image\/technology\/MSA500TechnicalReport1e-00.gif\" alt=\"Graph:Sweep system\" width=\"588\" height=\"443\">\n<p>One RBW filter <span class=\"fontRed\"><u>moves<\/u><\/span> in the sweep range specified and then spectrum is displayed. <\/p>\n<p>The speed at which the RBW filter moves is set by the sweep time.<\/p>\n<p>If a spectrum doesn't exist the moment RBW filter comes to a position because the spectra change, that spectrum won't be observed like <span class=\"fontRed\">The red dotted line of the above figure<\/span>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:1em 2em\"><i class=\"fas fa-long-arrow-alt-up fa-rotate-180 fa-3x\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><\/p>\n<p>Therefore, the sweep system basically treats a signal that <b>spectrum does not change with<\/b> <i class=\"fas fa-arrow-right\" aria-hidden=\"true\" style=\"color:#06F\"><\/i> This is called \"<b>steady signal<\/b>\". The signal which changes with time is called \"<b>unsteady signal<\/b>\". <i class=\"fas fa-arrow-right\" aria-hidden=\"true\" style=\"color:#06F\"><\/i> Typical example is the modulation signal.<\/p>\n<h3>Real time system<\/h3>\n<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/eng\/image\/technology\/MSA500TechnicalReport1e-01.gif\" alt=\"Graph:Real time system\" width=\"588\" height=\"444\">\n<p class=\"borderBoxAuto\"> Many filters (1024 filters in MSA500) are arranged in parallel. <br>\nTherefore, the signal in a certain period is <span class=\"fontRed\"><u>simultaneously<\/u><\/span> transformed into spectrum.<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin:0 2em\"><i class=\"fas fa-long-arrow-alt-up fa-rotate-180 fa-3x\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><\/p>\n<p class=\"borderBoxAuto\"> This is a reason called <span class=\"fontRed\"><u>real time<\/u><\/span>.<\/p>\n<p>Since the filters equal to the frequency resolution \uff08Called FFT bin\uff09 are arranged in parallel, <b>the signal in a certain period is processed at the same time.<\/b> <i class=\"fas fa-arrow-right\" aria-hidden=\"true\" style=\"color:#06F\"><\/i> The spectra won't be missed at all even if <b>those change with time<\/b>. <i class=\"fas fa-arrow-right\" aria-hidden=\"true\" style=\"color:#06F\"><\/i> Any <b>\"unsteady signal\"<\/b> such as modulation signal can be treated.<\/p>\n<\/section>\n\n<section>\n<h2>About fast Fourier transform<\/h2>\n<p>In the real time system, time domain signal is converted into frequency domain signal using Fourier transform. <\/p>\n<p class=\"borderBoxAuto\"> Time domain signal f(t) \u21d2 Frequency domain singnal F(\u03c9\uff09 <\/p>\n<div style=\"vertical-align:middle\">\n<p style=\"margin:0 2em\"><i class=\"fas fa-long-arrow-alt-up fa-rotate-180 fa-3x\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i> Conversion equation<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p class=\"borderBoxAuto\"> $$\nF(\u03c9)\\int_{-\u221e}^\u221e f(t)\u03b5^{-j\u03c9t}dt\n$$ <\/p>\n<p>$\u03c9=2\u03c0f$ ($f$:frequency\uff09 <\/p>\n<p>The fast Fourier transform FFT realizes faster calculation by devising calculation algorithm of the above equation.<\/p>\n<h3>Window function<\/h3>\n<p>The integration to \u221e from -\u221e is necessary as shown in the above equation, but the signal captured during a certain period is actually processed. <\/p>\n<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/eng\/image\/technology\/MSA500TechnicalReport1e-02.gif\" alt=\"Image graph:Fourier transform\" width=\"624\" height=\"184\">\n<p>The caluclation of Fourier transform is performed as <b>the signal captured during T seconds is repeated<\/b>.<br>\nThen, discontinuity points come out as shown in the above figure.<\/p>\n<p>The spurious are generated by discontinuity point as shown in the figure below.<\/p>\n<p>Called <b>Side lobe<\/b>.<\/p>\n<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/eng\/image\/technology\/MSA500TechnicalReport1e-03.gif\" alt=\"Graph:Side lobe\" width=\"508\" height=\"203\">\n<p>Of course, these side lobes are obstructive.<br>\n<b>Window function<\/b> is used to suppress these side lobes.<\/p>\n<p>In order to eliminate the discontinuity, it is necessary that both first part and final part in the captured waveform are zero as shown in the figure below.<\/p>\n<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/eng\/image\/technology\/MSA500TechnicalReport1e-04.gif\" alt=\"Graph:Window function\" width=\"383\" height=\"194\">\n<p>There are various kinds of window functions according to the purpose of use.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Hanning<\/li>\n<li>Hamming<\/li>\n<li>Kaiser-Bessel<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p id=\"4\">MSA500 has adopted <b>4-term Blackman-Harris window.<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\nFeatures\n<li>Excellent versatility<\/li>\n<li>About 95dB side lobe suppression<\/li>\n<li>Moderate width of main lobe as about two bins<\/li>\n<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/eng\/image\/technology\/MSA500TechnicalReport1e-05.gif\" alt=\"\u30b0\u30e9\u30d5\" width=\"592\" height=\"292\">\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Shape of spectrum<\/h3>\n<p><i class=\"fas fa-square-full\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i> In sweep system, the shape of a spectrum waveform is defined as shown in the following figure.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>RBW\n\uff08Resolution bandwidth\uff09 \u21d2 RBW <b>from 300Hz to 3MHz<\/b> can be set in sweep mode.<\/li>\n<li>Shape factor\uff08Selectivity\uff09 \u21d2 \n3dB:60dB\uff08RBW:BW60\uff09 In sweep mode, it doesn't depend on RBW but is 1:4.5.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/eng\/image\/technology\/MSA500TechnicalReport1e-06.gif\" alt=\"Shape of spectrum\" width=\"315\" height=\"199\">\n<p><i class=\"fas fa-square-full\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i> In real time system, the RBW setting is not performed.<\/p>\n<p>As shown in the figure of <a href=\"#4\">4-term Blackman-Harris window function<\/a> on the previous page, the shape of spectrum is the same as shown in the figure below in every span.<\/p>\n<ul class=\"flexBox flexBoxDivide\">\n<li><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/eng\/image\/technology\/MSA500TechnicalReport1e-07.gif\" alt=\"shape of spectrum\" width=\"319\" height=\"201\"><\/li>\n<li>\n<p>Actual waveform<\/p>\n<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/eng\/image\/technology\/MSA500TechnicalReport1e-08.gif\" alt=\"Actual waveform\" width=\"288\" height=\"217\"><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>The bin expresses frequency resolution and every span consists from 602 bins (a part of 1024 bins by FFT operation).<\/p>\n<div class=\"borderBoxAuto\">\n<ul>\n<li>\u22343dB width \uff1d\uff082\/602\uff09x\uff08span\uff09<\/li>\n<li>And, shape factor=1:4\uff082bin:8bin\uff09<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<p style=\"margin:1em 2em\"><i class=\"fas fa-long-arrow-alt-up fa-rotate-180 fa-3x\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><\/p>\n<p>As shown in the upper photograph, the shape is same on the screen in every span.<\/p>\n<table style=\"width:auto\">\n<tbody><tr>\n<th class=\"Center\">Span<\/th>\n<th class=\"Center\">\u0394f\uff081bin\uff09<\/th>\n<th class=\"Center\">3dB width\uff082bin\uff09<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th class=\"price\">20MHz<\/th>\n<td class=\"price\">33.22kHz<\/td>\n<td class=\"price\">66.2kHz<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th class=\"price\">10MHz<\/th>\n<td class=\"price\">16.61kHz<\/td>\n<td class=\"price\">33.2kHz<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th class=\"price\">5MHz<\/th>\n<td class=\"price\">8.31kHz<\/td>\n<td class=\"price\">16.6kHz<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th class=\"price\">2MHz<\/th>\n<td class=\"price\">3.32kHz<\/td>\n<td class=\"price\">6.6kHz<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th class=\"price\">1MHz<\/th>\n<td class=\"price\">1.66kHz<\/td>\n<td class=\"price\">3.3kHz<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th class=\"price\">500kHz<\/th>\n<td class=\"price\">831Hz<\/td>\n<td class=\"price\">1.66kHz<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th class=\"price\">200kHz<\/th>\n<td class=\"price\">332Hz<\/td>\n<td class=\"price\">662Hz<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th class=\"price\">100kHz<\/th>\n<td class=\"price\">166Hz<\/td>\n<td class=\"price\">332Hz<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th class=\"price\">50kHz<\/th>\n<td class=\"price\">83.1Hz<\/td>\n<td class=\"price\">166Hz<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th class=\"price\">20kHz<\/th>\n<td class=\"price\">33.2Hz<\/td>\n<td class=\"price\">66Hz<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody><\/table>\n<\/section>\n\n<section>\n<h2>Strong and weak points of real time system and sweep system<\/h2>\n<h3>Real time system<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Strong points\n<ol>\n<li>The spectrum analysis of unsteady signal such as burst signal and <span class=\"fontRed\">noise<\/span> is available.<\/li>\n<li>The time domain analysis such as power vs. time,    frequency vs. time, phase vs. time, IQ vs. time and Q vs. I is available. <\/li>\n<li>Since the trigger function is substantial, the spectrum which rarely occurs can be also captured certainly. <\/li>\n<li>Compared with OverWrite function in sweep mode, the   spectra which are missed are much less. Especially, any spectrum isn't missed in the span narrower than 200kHz.<\/li>\n<li>How frequency and power of spectrum change over time can be observed in spectrogram analysis.<\/li>\n<li>Since the measured data is separated into I and Q d ata, <span class=\"fontRed\">modulation analysis<\/span> of complicated signals such as phase modulation is possible.<\/li>\n<li>The frequency accuracy is very high as \u00b10.5ppm \u00b11dot at all points of screen. <\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<li>Weak point\n<ol>\n<li>The maximum frequency span is as narrow as 20MHz.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Sweep system<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Strong points\n<ol>\n<li>The wide frequency range can be observed ato a glance because the wide frequency span can be set.<\/li>\n<li>The tracking generator can be equipped.<\/li>\n<li>The EMI measurement conforming to the standard is possible.<\/li>\n<li>Since the sweep mode is a system of the conventional spectrum analyzer, users are familiar with it and applications are also abundant. <\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<li>Weak Points\n<ol>\n<li>It is difficult to observe an unsteady signal, and even when it can be observed by using a MaxHold, it takes time to measure.<\/li>\n<li>The analysis in time domain is only at the zero span mode.<\/li>\n<li>The modulation analysis is impossible.<\/li>\n<li>The frequency accuracy on the screen is inferior compared to real time mode. <\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Maximum span 20MHz<\/h3>\n<p>Although the maximum span in sweep system is as wide as 3.3GHz@MSA538\/538TG\/538E or 8.5GHz@MSA558\/558E, the maximum span in real time system is 20MHz. This is decided by 3RD IF frequency and the sampling rate of A\/D converter.<\/p>\n<p>However, in wireless communications system, especially modulation analysis, since allowable bandwidth is 20MHz or less in almost all systems, it will be acceptable.<\/p>\n<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/eng\/image\/technology\/MSA500TechnicalReport1e-09.gif\" alt=\"Maximum span 20MHz\" width=\"530\" height=\"181\"> <\/section>\n\n<section>\n<h2>What's I and Q?<\/h2>\n<p>Refer to the whole block diagram. The figure below shows from 3RD IF to IQ conversion in it. <\/p>\n<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/eng\/image\/technology\/MSA500TechnicalReport1e-10.gif\" alt=\"image:The figure below shows from 3RD IF to IQ conversion in it. \" width=\"730\" height=\"686\">\n<p class=\"miniTitle\" style=\"text-align:left;padding-left:1em\">Advantage<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li> When the multiplication is executed in signal processing, the image won't be generated then.\n<ul>\n<li>Multiplication with real number $(f_A x f_B)$<i class=\"fas fa-arrow-right\" aria-hidden=\"true\" style=\"color:#06F\"><\/i> Result:$fA+fB$\u3068$fA-fB$\uff08image\uff09<\/li>\n<li>Multiplication with complex number $(f_A x f_B)$<i class=\"fas fa-arrow-right\" aria-hidden=\"true\" style=\"color:#06F\"><\/i> Result:$f_A+f_B$ <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Time domain analysis can be performed by simple calculation as described. <br>\n\u00abPower vs. time\u00bb, \u00abfrequency vs. time\u00bb, \u00abPhase vs. time\u00bb, \u00abIQ vs. time\u00bb, \u00abQ vs. I\u00bb<\/li>\n<li>If the input signal is a modulation wave, EVM or constellation can be calculated from I and Q data.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p class=\"miniTitle\" style=\"text-align:left;padding-left:1em\">Bits of knowledge<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>I <i class=\"fas fa-arrow-right\" aria-hidden=\"true\" style=\"color:#06F\"><\/i> In-phase<\/li>\n<li>Q <i class=\"fas fa-arrow-right\" aria-hidden=\"true\" style=\"color:#06F\"><\/i> Quadrature<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n\n<section>\n<h2>Other favorite analyses<\/h2>\n<h3>1. Time domain analysis<\/h3>\n<p>In real time mode, since 3RD IF which is analog signal is digitized by A\/D converter and then is separated into I and Q, various time domain analyses are available.<\/p>\n<p class=\"borderBoxAuto\">Sampling frequencyfs=34MHz x \uff08specified span\/20MHz\uff09<\/p>\n<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/eng\/image\/technology\/MSA500TechnicalReport1e-11.gif\" alt=\"image:Time domain analysis\" width=\"730\" height=\"98\">\n<ol>\n<li>Power vs. time<\/li>\n<ul class=\"flexBox flexBoxDivide\">\n<li>\n<p class=\"borderBoxAuto\"> Power=(Vi<sup>2<\/sup>+Vq<sup>2<\/sup>)\/50<\/p>\n<p>The ASK signal, which is appeared in burst and whose amplitude is digitally modulated, can be observed.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom:0\">ASK modulation wave of ETC<\/p>\n<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/eng\/image\/technology\/MSA500TechnicalReport1e-12.gif\" alt=\"ASK modulation wave of ETC\" width=\"269\" height=\"202\"> <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<li style=\"margin-top:4em\">frequency vs. time<\/li>\n<ul class=\"flexBox flexBoxDivide\">\n<li>\n<p class=\"borderBoxAuto\"> frequency=(\u03c6<sub>n<\/sub>-\u03c6<sub>n-1<\/sub>)\/360Ts<\/p>\n<p>The signal wave modulated by frequency can be observed.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u03c6<sub>n<\/sub>:Current phase<\/li>\n<li>\u03c6<sub>n-1<\/sub>:Previous phase<\/li>\n<li>T<sub>s<\/sub>:Sampling rate(1\/fs)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom:0\">FM modulation wave<\/p>\n<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/eng\/image\/technology\/MSA500TechnicalReport1e-13.gif\" alt=\"FM modulation wave\" width=\"269\" height=\"202\"> <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<li style=\"margin-top:4em\">Phase vs. time<\/li>\n<ul class=\"flexBox flexBoxDivide\">\n<li>\n<p class=\"borderBoxAuto\"> Phase=tan<sup>-1<\/sup>(Vq\/Vi) <\/p>\n<p>It can be observed how the phase of the QPSK modulation wave changes over time.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom:0\">Phase waveform of QPSK<\/p>\n<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/eng\/image\/technology\/MSA500TechnicalReport1e-14.gif\" alt=\"Phase waveform of QPSK\" width=\"269\" height=\"202\"> <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<li style=\"margin-top:4em\">I, Q vs. time<\/li>\n<ul class=\"flexBox flexBoxDivide\">\n<li>\n<p class=\"borderBoxAuto\"> V axis:Vi and Vq, H axis:Time<\/p>\n<p>The time domain waveforms of I and Q of phase modulation such as QPSK can be observed directly. Two waveforms of Vi and Vq are displayed. <\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom:0\">I and Q waveform of QPSK modulation<\/p>\n<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/eng\/image\/technology\/MSA500TechnicalReport1e-15.gif\" alt=\"I and Q waveform of QPSK modulation\" width=\"269\" height=\"202\"> <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<li style=\"margin-top:4em\">Q vs. I<\/li>\n<ul class=\"flexBox flexBoxDivide\">\n<li>\n<p class=\"borderBoxAuto\">V axis:Vq, H axis:Vi<\/p>\n<p>The raw constellation waveform can be observed. It does not include initial phase compensation and frequency difference compensation of digital phase modulation.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom:0\">BPSK constellation<\/p>\n<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/eng\/image\/technology\/MSA500TechnicalReport1e-15-00.gif\" alt=\" BPSK constellation\" width=\"269\" height=\"202\"> <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/ol>\n<h3>2. Spectrogram analysis<\/h3>\n<ul class=\"flexBox flexBoxDivide\" style=\"margin-bottom:2em\">\n<li> The spectrogram displays the time response of frequency and power by X-Y axis and by X-Z axis respectively.<\/li>\n<li>Z axis is expressed by colors.<\/li>\n<li><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/eng\/image\/technology\/MSA500TechnicalReport1e-16.gif\" alt=\"Spectrogram analysis\" width=\"453\" height=\"263\"> <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"miniTitle\" style=\"text-align:left;padding-left:1em\"> Application <\/p>\n<ul class=\"flexBox flexBoxDivide\" style=\"margin-bottom:2em\">\n<li>\n<p>Observation of frequency hopping of ZigBee<\/p>\n<p>The time until frequency and power which instantaneously change get stable can be observed.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/eng\/image\/technology\/MSA500TechnicalReport1e-17.gif\" alt=\"Observation of frequency hopping of ZigBee\" width=\"297\" height=\"223\"> <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>3. OverWrite analysis<\/h3>\n<ul class=\"flexBox flexBoxDivide\" style=\"margin-bottom:2em\">\n<li>\n<p>OverWrite is a function in which the spectrum waveform of each frame is piled up and then displayed. The spectrum waveform is continuously accumulated at the rate of <b>720 frames\/sec.<\/b><\/p>\n<p>The occurrence frequency is expressed by colors.<\/p>\n<p class=\"fontRed\">\u00abDifference from Overwrite in sweep system\u00bb<\/p>\n<p>Accumulation rate is very slow in sweep system. For example, it is 5screen\/s at 100ms sweep time. <\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/eng\/image\/technology\/MSA500TechnicalReport1e-18.gif\" alt=\"OverWrite analysis\" width=\"451\" height=\"304\"> <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"miniTitle\" style=\"text-align:left;padding-left:1em\">Application<\/p>\n<ul class=\"flexBox flexBoxDivide\" style=\"margin-bottom:2em\">\n<li>\n<p>Observation of unnecessary spectrum which appears rarely<\/p>\n<p>The unnecessary spectrum (spurious) which disturbs a communication system may appear rarely. When span is wide, some spectra may be missed, but the probability of capturing spurious signal increases by setting the long accumulation time. <\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/eng\/image\/technology\/MSA500TechnicalReport1e-19.gif\" alt=\"Observation of unnecessary spectrum which appears rarely\" width=\"296\" height=\"222\"> <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>4. Modulation analysis<\/h3>\n<p>The modulation analysis can be accomplished by using the data separated to I and Q. <\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>16K frame IQ memory:MSA500 series has the large IQ memory of 16K frames (64M bytes).<\/li>\n<p style=\"margin:0 2em\"><i class=\"fas fa-long-arrow-alt-up fa-rotate-180 fa-3x\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i> <\/p>\n<li>USB interface:The data can be transferred as fast as 19ms\/frame from IQ memory to PC through USB interface.<\/li>\n<p style=\"margin:0 2em\"><i class=\"fas fa-long-arrow-alt-up fa-rotate-180 fa-3x\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i> <\/p>\n<li>PC:The transcerred IQ data are stored in PC.<\/li>\n<p style=\"margin:0 2em\"><i class=\"fas fa-long-arrow-alt-up fa-rotate-180 fa-3x\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i> <\/p>\n<li>Modulation analysis software:Modulation analyses such as EVM measurement and constellation display<br>\n*It is necessary to design PC software at the user side.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n\n<section>\n<h2>Concept of trigger<\/h2>\n<p>In the sweep system, there is no concept of trigger basically. Because it handles the steady signal. In the real time system, however, FFT processing is performed to the signal captured on time domain. That is, the signal can be captured with trigger ev erywhere.<\/p>\n<p>Optimum for measurement of such unsteady signal as modulation wave which occurs in burst.<\/p>\n<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/eng\/image\/technology\/MSA500TechnicalReport1e-20.gif\" alt=\"Image:Concept of trigger1\" width=\"424\" height=\"283\">\n<p><b>The capturing range of a waveform is determined by Trigger, Pre-trigger and Span.<\/b><\/p>\n<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/eng\/image\/technology\/MSA500TechnicalReport1e-21.gif\" alt=\"Image:Concept of trigger2\" width=\"596\" height=\"275\">\n<h3>1. Trigger<\/h3>\n<ol>\n<li style=\"font-weight:bold\">Channnel power trigger<\/li>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/eng\/image\/technology\/MSA500TechnicalReport1e-22.gif\" alt=\"Channnel power trigger\" width=\"165\" height=\"135\" class=\"left\">Span is equally divided into five channels (CH1 to CH5).<br>\nWhen the instantaneous value of whole power in the specified channel crosses the trigger preset value, the trigger signal is generated. The slope of \"rising\" or \"falling\" can be also set. It is conv enient when acquiring the burst signal.\n<\/p><div class=\"clear\" style=\"margin-bottom:2em\"><\/div>\n<p><\/p>\n<li style=\"font-weight:bold\">Power tigger<\/li>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/eng\/image\/technology\/MSA500TechnicalReport1e-23.gif\" alt=\"Power tigger\" width=\"165\" height=\"133\" class=\"left\">When the instantaneous value of whole power in the screen crosses the trigger preset value, the trigger signal is generated. The slope of \"rising\" or \"falling\" can be also set.\n<\/p><div class=\"clear\" style=\"margin-bottom:2em\"><\/div>\n<p><\/p>\n<li style=\"font-weight:bold\">IF level trigger<\/li>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/eng\/image\/technology\/MSA500TechnicalReport1e-24.gif\" alt=\"IF level trigger\" width=\"165\" height=\"133\" class=\"left\">When the level of IF signal (modulated with 17MHz) crosses the trigger preset value, the trigger signal is generated. The slope \"rising\" or \u201cfalling\u201d is not available.\n<\/p><div class=\"clear\" style=\"margin-bottom:2em\"><\/div>\n<p><\/p>\n<li style=\"font-weight:bold\">External trigger<\/li>\n<p>The trigger signal is generated by the signal input to EXT TRIG connector. The input voltage range is from 1 to 10 Vp-p, and the frequency range is from DC to 5MHz.  The slope of \"rising\" or \"falling\" can be a lso set.<\/p>\n<\/ol>\n<h3>2.Pre-trigger<\/h3>\n<p>By setting Pre-trigger, the signal before a trigger point is analyzable. When Pre-trigger is set to 0%, the signal after trigger point is captured. When being set to 50%, each 50% of signal after and before trigger point is captured. When being set to 100%, the signal before trigger point is captured.  Five positions can be set 0% to 100% in 25% step.<\/p>\n<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/eng\/image\/technology\/MSA500TechnicalReport1e-25.gif\" alt=\"Pre-trigger\" width=\"366\" height=\"185\">\n<h3>3.Span<\/h3>\n<p>The frame time depends on span and is decided by it.<\/p>\n<table style=\"width:auto\">\n<tbody><tr>\n<th class=\"Center\">Span<\/th>\n<th class=\"Center\">Sampling rate<\/th>\n<th class=\"Center\">Frame time<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th class=\"price\">20MHz<\/th>\n<td class=\"price\">34MHz<\/td>\n<td class=\"price\">30.12\u03bcs<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th class=\"price\">10MHz<\/th>\n<td class=\"price\">17MHz<\/td>\n<td class=\"price\">60.24\u03bcs<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th class=\"price\">5MHz<\/th>\n<td class=\"price\">8.5MHz<\/td>\n<td class=\"price\">120.5\u03bcs<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th class=\"price\">2MHz<\/th>\n<td class=\"price\">3.4MHz<\/td>\n<td class=\"price\">301.2\u03bcs<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th class=\"price\">1MHz<\/th>\n<td class=\"price\">1.7MHz<\/td>\n<td class=\"price\">602.4\u03bcs<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th class=\"price\">500kHz<\/th>\n<td class=\"price\">850kHz<\/td>\n<td class=\"price\">1.205ms<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th class=\"price\">200kHz<\/th>\n<td class=\"price\">340kHz<\/td>\n<td class=\"price\">3.012ms<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th class=\"price\">100kHz<\/th>\n<td class=\"price\">170kHz<\/td>\n<td class=\"price\">6.024ms<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th class=\"price\">50kHz<\/th>\n<td class=\"price\">85kHz<\/td>\n<td class=\"price\">12.05ms<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th class=\"price\">20kHz<\/th>\n<td class=\"price\">34kHz<\/td>\n<td class=\"price\">30.12ms<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody><\/table>\n<\/section>\n\n<section>\n<h2>Products introduction<\/h2>\n<h3>Handheld signal analyzer MSA500 series <\/h3>\n<p>With Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) and conventional sweep systems, each strong point of both systems is usable.<\/p>\n<div class=\"woocommerce columns-3 \"><ul class=\"products columns-3\">\n<li class=\"product type-product post-5782 status-publish first instock product_cat-shop-category-msa500 product_cat-shop-category-handheld-spectrum-analyzer product_tag-tag-handheld-spectrum-analyzer has-post-thumbnail shipping-taxable product-type-simple\">\n\t<a href=\"https:\/\/micronix-jp.com\/english\/products\/spectrum-analyzer\/msa500\/msa538.html\" class=\"woocommerce-LoopProduct-link woocommerce-loop-product__link\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"300\" src=\"https:\/\/micronix-jp.com\/english\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/03\/msa538_620x620-300x300.png\" class=\"attachment-woocommerce_thumbnail size-woocommerce_thumbnail\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/micronix-jp.com\/english\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/03\/msa538_620x620-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/micronix-jp.com\/english\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/03\/msa538_620x620-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/micronix-jp.com\/english\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/03\/msa538_620x620-600x600.png 600w, https:\/\/micronix-jp.com\/english\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/03\/msa538_620x620-100x100.png 100w, https:\/\/micronix-jp.com\/english\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/03\/msa538_620x620.png 620w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><h2 class=\"woocommerce-loop-product__title\">Handheld Signal Analyzer MSA538<\/h2>\n<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"product type-product post-5783 status-publish instock product_cat-shop-category-msa500 product_cat-shop-category-handheld-spectrum-analyzer product_tag-tag-handheld-spectrum-analyzer has-post-thumbnail shipping-taxable product-type-simple\">\n\t<a href=\"https:\/\/micronix-jp.com\/english\/products\/spectrum-analyzer\/msa500\/msa558.html\" class=\"woocommerce-LoopProduct-link woocommerce-loop-product__link\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"300\" src=\"https:\/\/micronix-jp.com\/english\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2013\/03\/MSA558_620x620-300x300.png\" class=\"attachment-woocommerce_thumbnail size-woocommerce_thumbnail\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/micronix-jp.com\/english\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2013\/03\/MSA558_620x620-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/micronix-jp.com\/english\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2013\/03\/MSA558_620x620-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/micronix-jp.com\/english\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2013\/03\/MSA558_620x620-600x600.png 600w, https:\/\/micronix-jp.com\/english\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2013\/03\/MSA558_620x620-100x100.png 100w, https:\/\/micronix-jp.com\/english\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2013\/03\/MSA558_620x620.png 620w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><h2 class=\"woocommerce-loop-product__title\">Handheld Signal Analyzer MSA558<\/h2>\n<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"product type-product post-5784 status-publish last instock product_cat-shop-category-msa500 product_cat-shop-category-handheld-spectrum-analyzer product_tag-tag-handheld-spectrum-analyzer has-post-thumbnail shipping-taxable product-type-simple\">\n\t<a href=\"https:\/\/micronix-jp.com\/english\/products\/spectrum-analyzer\/msa500\/msa538tg.html\" class=\"woocommerce-LoopProduct-link woocommerce-loop-product__link\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"300\" src=\"https:\/\/micronix-jp.com\/english\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/03\/msa538tg_620x620-300x300.png\" class=\"attachment-woocommerce_thumbnail size-woocommerce_thumbnail\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/micronix-jp.com\/english\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/03\/msa538tg_620x620-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/micronix-jp.com\/english\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/03\/msa538tg_620x620-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/micronix-jp.com\/english\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/03\/msa538tg_620x620-600x600.png 600w, https:\/\/micronix-jp.com\/english\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/03\/msa538tg_620x620-100x100.png 100w, https:\/\/micronix-jp.com\/english\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/03\/msa538tg_620x620.png 620w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><h2 class=\"woocommerce-loop-product__title\">Handheld Signal Analyzer MSA538TG<\/h2>\n<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"product type-product post-5785 status-publish first instock product_cat-shop-category-msa500 product_cat-shop-category-handheld-spectrum-analyzer product_tag-tag-handheld-spectrum-analyzer has-post-thumbnail shipping-taxable product-type-simple\">\n\t<a href=\"https:\/\/micronix-jp.com\/english\/products\/spectrum-analyzer\/msa500\/msa538e.html\" class=\"woocommerce-LoopProduct-link woocommerce-loop-product__link\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"300\" src=\"https:\/\/micronix-jp.com\/english\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/03\/msa538e_620x620-300x300.png\" class=\"attachment-woocommerce_thumbnail size-woocommerce_thumbnail\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/micronix-jp.com\/english\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/03\/msa538e_620x620-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/micronix-jp.com\/english\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/03\/msa538e_620x620-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/micronix-jp.com\/english\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/03\/msa538e_620x620-600x600.png 600w, https:\/\/micronix-jp.com\/english\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/03\/msa538e_620x620-100x100.png 100w, https:\/\/micronix-jp.com\/english\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/03\/msa538e_620x620.png 620w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><h2 class=\"woocommerce-loop-product__title\">Handheld Signal Analyzer MSA538E<\/h2>\n<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"product type-product post-5786 status-publish instock product_cat-shop-category-msa500 product_cat-shop-category-handheld-spectrum-analyzer product_tag-tag-handheld-spectrum-analyzer has-post-thumbnail shipping-taxable product-type-simple\">\n\t<a href=\"https:\/\/micronix-jp.com\/english\/products\/spectrum-analyzer\/msa500\/msa558e.html\" class=\"woocommerce-LoopProduct-link woocommerce-loop-product__link\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"300\" src=\"https:\/\/micronix-jp.com\/english\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/03\/msa558e_640x640-300x300.png\" class=\"attachment-woocommerce_thumbnail size-woocommerce_thumbnail\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/micronix-jp.com\/english\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/03\/msa558e_640x640-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/micronix-jp.com\/english\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/03\/msa558e_640x640-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/micronix-jp.com\/english\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/03\/msa558e_640x640-600x600.png 600w, https:\/\/micronix-jp.com\/english\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/03\/msa558e_640x640-100x100.png 100w, https:\/\/micronix-jp.com\/english\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/03\/msa558e_640x640.png 620w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><h2 class=\"woocommerce-loop-product__title\">Handheld Signal Analyzer MSA558E<\/h2>\n<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div> \n\n<\/section><div class=\"wp-block-vk-blocks-button vk_button vk_button-color-custom vk_button-align-block\"><a href=\"\/eng\/file-download\/technical\/pdf\/MSA500TechnicalReport1e.pdf\" style=\"background-color:#726756;border:1px solid #726756;color:#fff;\" class=\"vk_button_link btn btn-md btn-block white\" role=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"true\" target=\"_blank\"  rel=\"noopener\"><i class=\"fas vk_button_link_before fa-file-pdf\"><\/i><span class=\"vk_button_link_txt\">Download This Technical Report (PDF) <\/span><\/a><\/div><div class=\"wp-block-cover is-light vk_block-margin-xl--margin-top\"><span aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-cover__background has-white-background-color has-background-dim\"><\/span><img class=\"wp-block-cover__image-background wp-image-8105\" alt=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/micronix-jp.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/contact_cta_cover.png\" data-object-fit=\"cover\"\/><div class=\"wp-block-cover__inner-container is-layout-flow wp-block-cover-is-layout-flow\"><p class=\"has-text-align-center has-huge-font-size\"><strong>Please feel free to contact us.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<p>If you want to verify 5G, customize a radio wave shield box, or need product repair, please do not hesitate to contact us about any small matter.<\/p>\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-vk-blocks-grid-column vk_gridColumn\"><div class=\"row\"><div class=\"wp-block-vk-blocks-grid-column-item vk_gridColumn_item col-12 col-sm-12 col-md-12 col-lg-12 col-xl-12 col-xxl-12\"><div class=\"wp-block-vk-blocks-button vk_button vk_button-color-custom vk_button-align-block is-style-shine\"><a href=\"https:\/\/micronix-jp.com\/english\/contact\/\" class=\"vk_button_link btn has-background has-luminous-vivid-orange-background-color btn-lg btn-block\" role=\"button\" aria-pressed=\"true\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><div class=\"vk_button_link_caption\"><i class=\"far fa-envelope vk_button_link_before\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i><span class=\"vk_button_link_txt\"><strong>Contact Form<\/strong><\/span><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>What's real time system? MSA500 series signal analyzer offers both the real time system based on Fast Fourier Transform(FFT) and the conventional sweep system. Sweep system One RBW filter moves [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":8277,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"vkexunit_cta_each_option":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[32],"tags":[86],"class_list":["post-1908","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-category-technology","tag-technology-spectrum-analyzer"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/micronix-jp.com\/english\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1908","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/micronix-jp.com\/english\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/micronix-jp.com\/english\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/micronix-jp.com\/english\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/micronix-jp.com\/english\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1908"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/micronix-jp.com\/english\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1908\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":6971,"href":"https:\/\/micronix-jp.com\/english\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1908\/revisions\/6971"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/micronix-jp.com\/english\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/8277"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/micronix-jp.com\/english\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1908"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/micronix-jp.com\/english\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1908"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/micronix-jp.com\/english\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1908"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}